A Look at the Drive and Will Power of Frederick Douglass and Chris McCandless

A Look at the Drive and Will Power of Frederick Douglass and Chris McCandless It is sometimes said that nothing in life that is worth having comes easily. I have noticed that what often separates those who attain their hopes and dreams from those who do not is that they possess a certain drive and determination to stop at nothing to achieve those dreams. Although the two individuals Chris McCandless and Frederick Douglass lived in different time periods, and grew up in totally different environments, they possessed the will to overcome whatever obstacles life presented them and achieved the goals that they set for themselves. Chris McCandless was determined to live an unconventional, nomadic lifestyle like those of his idols Henry David Thoreau, Boris Pasternak, and the Jules Verne character Captain Nemo. Growing up, he waited until the time was right to begin his journey across the country and into the wilderness. John Krakauer wrote: Five weeks earlier hed loaded his belongings into his car and headed west without an itinerary. The trip was to be an odyssey in the fullest sense of the word, an epic journey that would change everything. He had spent the previous four years, as he saw it, preparing to fulfill an absurd and onerous duty: to graduate from college. At long last he was unencumbered, emancipated from the stifling world of his parents and peers, a world of abstraction and security and material excess, a world in which he felt grievously cut off from the raw throb of existence. (22) Later in the book we were again given a glimpse of Chriss gritty determination to achieve a goal that he had set for himself. During his travels Chris stopped in the small dusty town of Tapock, Arizona. It was there that he noticed an old secondhand canoe which he purchased in an attempt to float from Lake Havasu to the Gulf of California. During this adventure down the Colorado River Chris traveled through the Colorado River Indian Reservation, the Cibola National Wildlife Refuge, and the Imperial National Wildlife Refuge, and across the border into Mexico. He was unaware of the fact that once in Mexico the Colorado River turns into a maze of irrigation canals, marshland, and dead end channels. At one point he follows a map drawn by a group of Mexican canal officials he had met to no avail. He found himself at a dead end in the middle of the desert. He did not give up though. Instead he carried his canoe and gear for three days to a new canal to continue his quest for the sea. After traveling for several more days Chris once again found himself lost and stuck in swampy marshland. By chance he met a group of duckhunters who after hearing his tale of wrong turns and dead ends agreed to take him to the small fishing village of El Golfo de Santa Clara, located on the Gulf of California (34-35). At several points along the way Chris could have easily given up his quest and turned back, but he would not allow himself to fail. This is the same type of determination that can be seen in Frederick Douglass. Frederick Douglass was born a slave in Tuckahoe, Maryland during the early 1800s. He was eventually sent to Baltimore to live with his new master and mistress. It was there that Douglass found the key by which he could unlock the bonds of slavery and revel in the freedom that few of his peers would ever come to know. Douglass wrote, Mistress, in teaching me the alphabet, had given me the inch, and no precaution could prevent me from taking the ell (31). He remained true to his words over the next couple of years and used an ingenious plan to take every opportunity possible to learn to read and write. Douglass was often called upon by his mistress to run various errands throughout the day. He found that if he hurried up and got his errands done quickly he had a few minutes that he could use to get a lesson. He carried with him bread and a book. He would make friends with the white kids in the streets by bribing them with the food and in return in they would teach him what they could. Douglass described the scenario, This bread I used to bestow upon the hungry little urchins, who, in return, would give me that more valuable bread of knowledge (32). What a great plan to use the most basic of human needs, hunger, and the kids naivety to gain the most valuable of assets that a slave could hope for, but he wasnt done. Frederick not only wanted to read, but he was also driven to learn how to write. Once again he used a cunning plan to reach this goal. Douglass described the how he learned to write as follows: The idea as to how I might learn to write was suggested to me by being in Durgin and Baileys ship-yard, and frequently seeing the ship carpenters, after hewing, and getting a piece of timber ready for use, write on the timber the name of that part of the ship for which it was intended. When a piece of timber was intended for the larboard side, it would be marked thus-L. When a piece was for the starboard side, it would be marked thus-S. A piece for the larboard side forward, would be marked thus-L.F. When a piece was for starboard side forward, it would be marked thus-S.F. For larboard aft, it would be marked thus-L.A. For starboard aft it would be marked thus-S.A. I soon learned the names of these letters, and for what they were intended when placed upon a piece of timber in the ship-yard. I immediately commenced copying them, and in a short time was able to make the four letters named. After that, when I met with any boy who I knew could write, I would tell him I could write as well as he. The next word would be, I dont believe you. Let me see you try it. I would then make the letters which I had been so fortunate as to learn, and ask him to beat that. In this way I got a good many lessons in writing, which it is quite possible I should never have gotten in any other way Thus after a long, tedious effort for years, I finally succeeded in learning to write. (34-35) I think what amazes me the most about both of these individuals was the time period over which they continued to st rive for their goals. They both forged ahead over the course of months and years gaining whatever advantages and overcoming any obstacles they were presented with, staying focused on the final outcome. This type of determination and will power is inspiring to me, as in this day and age more people seem to have trouble setting goals, or staying focused on achieving them for any extended time period.

Case Study for Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company Essay

Case Study for Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company - Essay Example The tangible aspect corresponds to the company’s infrastructure and amenities. Aside from this, Ritz-Carlton also emphasized excellence in customer service which is the intangible aspect of its product. This is highlighted by the famous words of its founder: â€Å"Never say no when a client asks for something even if it is the moon. You can always try† (Lampton 2003). Thus, â€Å"guests remark that they are â€Å"pampered,† â€Å"respected,† â€Å"treated like royalty,† and â€Å"incurably spoiled† (Lampton 2003). Recognizing the importance of customer service in extending the Ritz-Carlton experience, the company has been passionate about training their staff and treating them as their strategic partners. The hotel chain makes it a point to make employees absorb the core value of the organization, train them, prepare them to serve the market. What is remarkable is the company’s strong adherence to strategic human resource management. Ritz-Carlton’s staff irrefutably becomes its competitive advantage (Lampton 2003). Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company’s popularity is high due to its upscale, luxury brand of hotels and resorts with locations in major cities in the United States and other internationally famous destinations such as Montego Bay, Jamaica, San Juan, Puerto Rico, Bali, Hong Kong and Qatar. The hotel company owns 59 hotels in 20 countries 37 of which are hotels while 22 are resorts. The operation of the hotel company began in 1983 with the purchase of the Ritz-Carlton, Boston by William B. Johnson. However, the legacy of the hotel is attributed to the celebrated â€Å"king of hoteliers and hotelier to kings,† CÐ ¹sar Ritz. The company states that â€Å"his philosophy of service and innovations redefined the luxury hotel experience in Europe through his management of The Ritz in Paris and The Carlton in London.†

History AND IMPACT OF COMPUTING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History AND IMPACT OF COMPUTING - Essay Example 546). First Generation (1940-1955) Vacuum Tubes These first computers utilized vacuum tubes in their circuitry and their memories comprised of magnetic drums. These first computers were often massive, taking a lot of space. They were expensive to run and, in addition to consuming enormous amounts of electricity these computers generated immense heat, which often led to their malfunctions. The first generation computers depended on machine code language; a low-level programming language only understood by computers, to execute their operations, and hence they were able to solve a single problem at a time. The computers input used paper tapes and punched cards while their output was presented on printouts. ENIAC and UNIVAC computers are some of the first generation computing gadgets. The UNIVAC was the earliest commercial computer distributed to a business client, the United States Bureau of Census in 1951. Second Generation (1955-1963) Transistor Computers In the succeeding generation of computers, transistors replaced vacuum tubes in the computers circuitry. Transistors were initially invented in 1947 but received minimal use in computers until late 1950s. Transistors were far more superior compared to vacuum tubes, allowing the computers to be smaller, cheaper, faster, reliable, and with increased energy efficiency as compared their former generation predecessors. Although the transistors also generated plenty of heat which exposes the computers to the damage, they were a significant improvement in comparison to the vacuum tubes. The second generation computers also used the punched cards for their input and printouts as their outputs. The second generation computers shifted from obscure binary machine code language to symbolic, an assembly language that allows programmers to stipulate instructions in the form of words. FORTRAN, COBOL, and other High-level Programming language were also under developed during this period. These were the first computers which s tored instructions in their memories, which had also moved from magnetic drums to magnetic core technology. The initial computers in this generation were meant for the atomic energy industries. Third Generation (1964-1970) Integrated Circuits Computers Integrated Circuits (ICs) development was the essential characteristic of the third generation computers. Miniaturized transistors were installed on silicon semiconductor chips, which increased efficiency and speed of computers. The third generation computers interacted with their users through monitors and keyboards interfaced through an operating system instead of the printouts and punch cards. These new features allowed the computers to run different applications at the same time with an inner program which monitored the memory. The third generation computers became handy to a mass of the audience since they were cheaper and smaller than their predecessors. Fourth Generation (1970- Present) The fourth generation computers were brou ght by the development of microprocessors. Microprocessors allowed thousands of integrated circuits to be built on a single silicon chip. A device that consumed the whole room in the first generation computers could be now developed on the palm of a hand. Intel 4004 chip, created in 1971, allowed all the components in a

Psychotherapy Essay -- Psychology, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

My preferred theoretical orientation is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). The main assumption of CBT is that events and situations in life do not cause emotional problems (e.g., guilt or depression); rather problems are a by-product irrational beliefs and perceptions about the situations (Corey, 2009). The goals of CBT focus on correcting the client’s automatic and self-defeating thoughts, which should ultimately help them to develop a more adaptive philosophy of life (Corey, 2009). CBT focuses on putting insight into action, so by creating insight and changing thoughts the client should be able to understand and modify their behaviors and emotions. I like that this approach focuses on challenging and changing the client’s cognitive distortions, core beliefs, automatic thoughts, and schemas. Another positive aspect is that this approach focuses on the cognitive triad, which consists of how one views the self, the world, and the future (Corey, 2009). Furthermore, CBT places responsibility on the individual to take an active role and make the changes to their thoughts and behaviors, both in and out of the therapy sessions (Corey, 2009). In order to bring about change, the client needs to understand that the primary source of difficulty lies in their belief system and how they perceive events (Kellogg & Young, 2008). CBT has manualized treatment techniques, is short-term, and teaches the client skills to change their thoughts or beliefs in the future (Kellogg &Young, 2008). CBT is open to using techniques from other approaches that fit the needs of the client, and the empirically validated techniques of CBT, when individualized for the client, work well in other approaches (Corey, 2009). Overall, CBT is a structured approach th... ...to aspects of the disorder (Scaturo, 2001). It is rare for a client to come into therapy with only one disorder that has the outlined symptoms of the diagnosis that calls for a particular treatment. Therefore, following the manual stringently may not help the client improve, but making slight deviations depending on the client’s characteristics and circumstances may allow the technique to be successfully adapted and useful for the individual. It is also likely that clinical psychologist add their own individual preferences to therapy no matter what therapeutic approach or technique they use (Scaturo, 2001). A balance between the use of manualized treatments and clinical judgment to formulate the case conceptualization need to be used in order to gather enough information on the client to successfully use any necessary treatment techniques (Craske & Zucker, 2001). Psychotherapy Essay -- Psychology, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy My preferred theoretical orientation is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). The main assumption of CBT is that events and situations in life do not cause emotional problems (e.g., guilt or depression); rather problems are a by-product irrational beliefs and perceptions about the situations (Corey, 2009). The goals of CBT focus on correcting the client’s automatic and self-defeating thoughts, which should ultimately help them to develop a more adaptive philosophy of life (Corey, 2009). CBT focuses on putting insight into action, so by creating insight and changing thoughts the client should be able to understand and modify their behaviors and emotions. I like that this approach focuses on challenging and changing the client’s cognitive distortions, core beliefs, automatic thoughts, and schemas. Another positive aspect is that this approach focuses on the cognitive triad, which consists of how one views the self, the world, and the future (Corey, 2009). Furthermore, CBT places responsibility on the individual to take an active role and make the changes to their thoughts and behaviors, both in and out of the therapy sessions (Corey, 2009). In order to bring about change, the client needs to understand that the primary source of difficulty lies in their belief system and how they perceive events (Kellogg & Young, 2008). CBT has manualized treatment techniques, is short-term, and teaches the client skills to change their thoughts or beliefs in the future (Kellogg &Young, 2008). CBT is open to using techniques from other approaches that fit the needs of the client, and the empirically validated techniques of CBT, when individualized for the client, work well in other approaches (Corey, 2009). Overall, CBT is a structured approach th... ...to aspects of the disorder (Scaturo, 2001). It is rare for a client to come into therapy with only one disorder that has the outlined symptoms of the diagnosis that calls for a particular treatment. Therefore, following the manual stringently may not help the client improve, but making slight deviations depending on the client’s characteristics and circumstances may allow the technique to be successfully adapted and useful for the individual. It is also likely that clinical psychologist add their own individual preferences to therapy no matter what therapeutic approach or technique they use (Scaturo, 2001). A balance between the use of manualized treatments and clinical judgment to formulate the case conceptualization need to be used in order to gather enough information on the client to successfully use any necessary treatment techniques (Craske & Zucker, 2001).

Mill’s Utilitarianism Essay

In the beginning of Utilitarianism John Stuart Mill states that throughout history very little progress has been made towards developing a set of moral standards to judge what is morally right or wrong. Although a certain disagreement about such foundations can also be found in the most â€Å"certain† sciences, in those areas truths can still have meaning without understanding the principles underlying them. On the other hand, in philosophy, where all actions exist to proceed towards a particular end, statements unfounded upon a general principle have very little validity. Therefore Mill says that in order to know what morality dictates, it is necessary to know by what standard human actions should be judged. He rejects the idea of a moral instinct inherent in human mind, which supplies us with this ability to judge. Even if such a sense would exist, it wouldn’t show us whether something is right or wrong in a particular matter. Instead, Mill assumes that right and wrong are questions of experience and he tries to show that the principle of utility or â€Å"the greatest happiness principle† is the foundation of this distinction. In Chapter two, Mill tries to reply to some common misconceptions about utilitarianism. He claims that many people mistake utility as the rejection of pleasures, whereas in reality, it is pleasure itself, promoting happiness. He thus defines utilitarianism as the creed which â€Å"holds that actions are right in the proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness†. Accordingly pleasure and absence of pain are the only goals that are inherently good and desirable in themselves. Every other action or experience is only insofar good as it promotes pleasure. However, it is wrong to assume people should only do what makes them personally happy. Instead the standard of judging an act is the happiness of all people. Therefore people shouldn’t distinguish between their own happiness and the happiness of others. The motives underlying a certain act are of no importance in utilitarianism. Instead only the results of our conduct, or more specifically the impact on the general happiness, are to consider. In continuing, Mill states that some pleasures are more valuable than others, so not only the quantity but also the quality of pleasures resulting from a certain act determines its moral rightness. We can experience this difference in quality when we give one pleasure a clear preference over another, although it comes along with a greater amount of discomfort, and would not dismiss it for any quantity of the other pleasure. Mill claims that, given equal access to all kinds of pleasures, every man or woman gives priority to those employing their higher faculties. Appropriately he writes that †it is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied. And if the fool, or the pig, is of a different opinion, it is because they only know their own side of the question†. Thus only people who have experienced both the higher and the lower pleasures are qualified to judge the quality of a pleasure. But by what extent are pleasures measurable or comparable? And what is it that makes a â€Å"higher† pleasure superior over a â€Å"lower†? Another criticism Mill responds to is that happiness can’t be the goal of human actions, since it’s unattainable. Moreover, detractors of the utilitarian moral state that a life without happiness is quite possible, and all noble beings have become virtuous by renunciation. Mill objects that if happiness is defined as moments of rapture, â€Å"in an existence made up of few and transitory pains† and not as a â€Å"continuity of highly pleasurable excitement† happiness is quite attainable. The only reason why mankind is not yet in this condition of happiness is because our education and our social arrangements are inadequate. Concerning the objection that virtuous men renounced happiness Mill asserts that those noble men acted as martyrs, sacrificing their own happiness in order to increase the happiness of other people. However, such a sacrifice is not in itself an act of good but only insofar as it helps others. Mill presents a couple of other misapprehensions of utilitarian ethics, which he says are obviously wrong but which many people nevertheless believe. First, utilitarianism is often accused to be godless, because its foundation is human happiness, and not the will of god. But if we assume that god desires in the first instance the happiness of his creatures, then utilitarianism is more profoundly religious than any other doctrine. Another objection holds that there is not enough time to outweigh the effects on the general happiness prior to every action taken. Mill replies that such a claim also implies that if our conduct is guided by Christianity we’d have to read the Old and New Testament every time before we act. Obviously this is not possible. Instead he asserts that we had the entire duration of human existence to learn by experience which actions lead to certain results. The last critique Mill responds to is that utilitarianism legitimates immoral tendencies by justifying the break of rules by referring to an increase of utility. He replies that this problem can not only be found in utilitarianism but also in every other creed. Does this argument really dispel misconceptions about utilitarianism? In the beginning of chapter three Mill asserts that every moral philosophy needs some source of obligation in order to be binding. Regarding utilitarianism this binding force consists of internal and external sanctions. External sanctions include â€Å"the hope of favour and the fear of displeasure from our fellow creatures or from the Ruler of the Universe†. Internal sanctions on the other hand, are feelings in our own conscience and create a pain if we violate duty. This second type of sanction is considered to be more powerful. Thus to provide a force which is binding enough to influence people’s conduct, utilitarianism needs to appeal to people’s inner sentiment. Mill claims that in fact every moral sentiment could be cultivated, no matter how bad it is. However such â€Å"artificial† feelings, will eventually crumble when they are analyzed thoroughly. The utilitarian morality on the other hand, emerges as a particularly strong foundation because it’s consistent with the social nature of human sentiments: every one of us has an innate â€Å"desire to be in unity with our fellow creatures†. Mill finally emphasizes that this natural sentiment needs to be nourished through education and law. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. John Stuart, Mill, Utilitarianism, ed. Mary Waldrep (Mineola: Dover Publications, Inc. , 2007), 1. [ 2 ]. Mill, 6. [ 3 ]. Mill, 8. [ 4 ]. Mill, 11. [ 5 ]. Mill, 11. [ 6 ]. Mill, 24. [ 7 ]. Mill, 27.

Domestic Violence Essay - 1988 Words

Domestic Violence - Final Research Paper Alysia Rodgers PSY 325: Statistics for the Behavioral amp; Social Sciences Dr. Andrew Edelman July 10th, 2011 I. Introduction to Domestic Violence Many people in this world suffer from domestic violence. It is an evil that harms the core of the human race. From very young children, to older people, the generations are affected by its plague. The most difficult part about domestic violence is the fact that it burns deep inside a person’s heart. In the bible, it is learned that the heart is the mind, the will, the thoughts, the emotions. These are the areas that it deeply wounds, and brings devastation too many families. This paper†¦show more content†¦The issue here, is the children effected by this. Earlier there was discussion about how it affects the children involved, their development, and how they may cope in social settings because of it. Implications globally are on a larger scale of the issue. Showing us that there are most likely many children going through social problems because of their experience with, domestic violence. One of the other things that is relevant to point out that some of the statistics shown in these articles are unclear, and questionable. In an earlier article, †Domestic Violence Statistics: An over view, Prevalence and Trends,† it states that,† about four to six million relationships suffer from domestic violence.† On the other hand, one of the articles in the Encyclopedia Britannica on this topic says that the number is,† two to four million.â⠂¬  This means that the studies that were done are questionable, also where they got their information is in question, as well. Topped with the year this information was gathered in the article for the reader. One of the things the researchers of these articles could have done is check to see if result is significantly relevant (Aron, 2011 pg. 162). They could have checked their sources, and began to figure out the mean of the numbers to get a more consistent number for the data (Aron, 2011). Additionally, in the Encyclopedia, Britannica article it states that teenagers as young as 15 years oldShow MoreRelatedDomestic violence1229 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ 3/1/13 Domestic Violence Persuasive Essay Final Draft â€Å"Every year, in the United States there are over 3 million incidents of reported domestic violence. Every year, 4,000 victims of domestic violence are killed.† (Domestic Violence: Disturbing Facts about Domestic Violence). Domestic violence is a crime that is not just committed in the United States, but worldwide. This crime is committed every day, every hour, every minute, and every second. Anybody can be a victim or the abuser. ThisRead MoreDomestic Violence1340 Words   |  6 PagesDomestic Violence is a problem sweeping the nation. This problem can affect anyone from anywhere but is generally acting out upon children and adult women in abusive relationships. Domestic violence is emotionally and physically scarring for anyone involved, and as a result could take multiple intervention meetings to begin to understand the issue, alleviate the associated problems, and to assist the victim in getting back on his or her feet. The consequences of abuse include anxiety, d epressionRead MoreDomestic Violence2691 Words   |  11 Pagestowards domestic violence have changed considerably. Once, the only avenue that existed for victims of domestic violence was through criminal law. Today, all states of Australia have enacted various forms of domestic violence legislation to deal with this growing problem within our communities. The Domestic and Family Violence Protection Act 2012 (Qld) provides a broader and more contemporary definition of what constitutes domestic and family violence. 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The consequences of staying quiet when obtaining abuse can be dangerous and can also lead to death. Many women do not recognize the importance of the fact that there is in speaking out if they are being abuse by their partner. No woman should take domestic abuse by their partners. EveryRead MoreDomestic Violence And Public Violence Essay1231 Words   |  5 Pagesmillion people in the United States are affected by domestic violence. There are 8.8 million children who will witness domestic violence. Half of all victims of domestic violence will also experience the unimaginable pain of their child/children being abused alongside them. The fact is, domestic violence will affect or touch every person in their lifetime (Pence McMahon, 1999). There are many ground-breaking advocates of reducing domestic violence, though one stands out above the others. EllenRead MoreDomestic Violence And Sexual Violence1237 Words   |  5 Pages1.0 Introduction Domestic violence or intimate partner violence can occur in any type of relationship. There are many types of domestic violence including; social, physical, emotional and spiritual. Domestic violence is all about one person wanting control and power over the other and it can be expressed in many ways. It can occur in more than one way such as; coercion, threats, intimidation, isolation, stalking, sexual abuse, and economic abuse. It can also be a single act or a pattern of behaviourRead MoreDomestic Abuse And Domestic Violence965 Words   |  4 PagesI chose to do the domestic survivors subculture I feel as if it was a great topic to focus on its going to reveal a lot of emotion. Domestic violence can happen to anyone. Domestic violence sometimes called battering is against the law. At first glance, it is hard to imagine why a victim of domestic violence would voluntarily remain in the relationship with the abuser. As you may know domestic violence doesn’t always start off as violence it starts off as in the form of love. The abuser feels asRead MoreThe Effects Of Violence On Domestic Violence1380 Words   |  6 Pagesobject to violence, because when it appears to do good, the good is only temporary; the evil it does is permanent†, quoted by Mahatma Gandhi. Violence is defined as an unjust or unwarranted exertion of power or force to intentionally injure, damage, or destroy something or someone. Amongst the various types of violence, there is one in particular that has been causing an ongoing debate within societies across the world; this certain type of violence is known as domestic violence. Domestic violence, alsoRead MoreDomestic Violence And Sexual Violence1535 Words   |  7 Pageslifetime (Domestic Violence Statistics, 2015). The topic that will be studied with the paper is intimate partner violence or another term that can be used is domestic violence. Domestic violence or intimate partner violence is the systematic pattern or control or power perpetuated by one partner against another (National Coalition Against Domestic Violence, n.d.). Throughout the paper the term domestic violence and intimate violence will be used interchangeably. The misconception is that domestic violence

What Does Commander in Chief Really Mean

The U.S. Constitution declares the President of the United States to be the â€Å"Commander in Chief† of the U.S. military. However, the Constitution also gives U.S. Congress the exclusive power to declare war. Given this apparent constitutional contradiction, what are the practical military powers of the Commander in Chief? The concept of a political ruler serving as the ultimate commander of the armed forces dates to the Emperors of the Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic, and Roman Empire, who held imperium—command and regal—powers. In English usage, the term may have first been applied to King Charles I of England in 1639.   Article II Section 2 of the Constitution—Commander in Chief Clause—states that â€Å"[t]he President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States.† But, Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution gives Congress the sole power, To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water; †¦Ã¢â‚¬  The question, which comes up almost every time the grim need arises, is how much if any military force can the president unleash in the absence of an official declaration of war by Congress? Constitutional scholars and lawyers differ on the answer. Some say the Commander in Chief Clause gives the president expansive, almost unlimited power to deploy the military. Others say the Founders gave the president the Commander in Chief title only to establish and preserve civilian control over the military, rather than give the president additional powers outside a congressional declaration of war. The War Powers Resolution of 1973 On March 8, 1965, the 9th U.S. Marine Expeditionary Brigade became the first U.S. combat troops deployed to the Vietnam War. For the next eight years, Presidents Johnson, Kennedy, and Nixon continued to send U.S. troops to Southeast Asia without congressional approval or official declaration of war. In 1973, Congress finally responded by passing the War Powers Resolution as an attempt to stop what congressional leaders saw as an erosion of Congress’s constitutional ability to play a key role in military use of force decisions. The War Powers Resolution requires presidents to notify Congress of their commitment combat troops within 48 hours. In addition, it requires presidents to withdraw all troops after 60 days unless Congress passes a resolution declaring war or granting an extension of the troop deployment. The War on Terror and the Commander in Chief The 2001 terrorist attacks and the ensuing War on Terror brought new complications to the division of war-making powers between Congress and the Commander in Chief. The sudden presence of multiple threats posed by poorly defined groups often driven by religious ideology rather than allegiance to specific foreign governments created the need to respond faster than allowed by the regular legislative processes of Congress.   President George W. Bush, with the agreement of his cabinet and military Joint Chiefs of Staff determined that the 9-11 attacks had been funded and undertaken by the al Qaeda terrorist network. Further, the Bush administration determined that the Taliban, acting under the control of the government of Afghanistan, was allowing al Qaeda to house and train its fighters in Afghanistan. In response, President Bush unilaterally sent U.S. military forces to invade Afghanistan to fight al Qaeda and the Taliban. Just one week after the terrorist attacks – on September  18, 2001 – Congress passed and President Bush signed the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists Act (AUMF). As a classic example of â€Å"other† ways of changing the Constitution, the AUMF, while not declaring war, expanded the president’s constitutional military powers as Commander in Chief. As the U.S. Supreme Court explained in the Korean War-related case of Youngstown Sheet Tube Co. v. Sawyer, the president’s power as Commander in Chief increases whenever Congress clearly expresses its intent to support the actions of the Commander in Chief. In the case of the overall war on terror, the AUMF expressed Congress’s intent to support future actions taken by the president. Enter Guantanamo Bay, GITMO During the U.S. invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq, the U.S. military â€Å"detained† captured Taliban and al Qaeda fighters at the U.S. Naval base located at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, popularly known as GITMO. Believing that GITMO – as a military base – was outside the jurisdiction of the U.S. federal courts, the Bush Administration and the military held the detainees there for years without formally charging them with a crime or allowing them to pursue writs of habeas corpus demanding hearings before a judge. Ultimately, it would be up to the U.S. Supreme Court to decide whether or not denying the GITMO detainees certain legal protections guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution overstepped the powers of the Commander in Chief. GITMO in the Supreme Court Three Supreme Court decisions related to the rights of the GITMO detainees more clearly defined the military powers of the president as Commander in Chief. In the 2004 case of Rasul v. Bush, the Supreme Court ruled that U.S. federal district courts had the authority to hear petitions for habeas corpus filed by aliens detained within any  territory over which the United States exercises â€Å"plenary and exclusive jurisdiction,† including the GITMO detainees. The Court further ordered the district courts to hear any habeas corpus petitions filed by the detainees. The Bush Administration responded to Rasul v. Bush by ordering that petitions for habeas corpus from the GITMO detainees be heard only by military justice system tribunals, rather than by civilian federal courts. But in the 2006 case of Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, the Supreme Court ruled that President Bush lacked constitutional authority under the Commander in Chief Clause to order the detainees tried in military tribunals. In addition, the Supreme Court ruled that the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists Act (AUMF) did not expand presidential powers as Commander in Chief. Congress, however, countered by passing the Detainee Treatment Act of 2005, which stated that â€Å"no court, court, justice, or judge shall have jurisdiction to hear or consider† petitions for writs of habeas corpus filed by alien detainees at GITMO. Finally, in the 2008 case of Boumediene v. Bush, the Supreme Court ruled 5-4 that the constitutionally guaranteed right of habeas corpus review applied to the GITMO detainees, as well as to any person designated as an â€Å"enemy combatant† held there. As of August 2015, only 61 mainly high-risk detainees remained at GITMO, down from a high of about 700 at the height of the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, and almost 242 when President Obama took office in 2009.  Ã‚   Sources and Further Reference Dawson, Joseph G. ed (1993). â€Å".†Commanders in Chief: Presidential Leadership in Modern Wars University Press of Kansas. Moten, Matthew (2014). â€Å"Presidents and Their Generals: An American History of Command in War.† Belknap Press. ISBN 9780674058149.Fisher, Louis. â€Å".†Domestic Commander in Chief: Early Checks by Other Branches Library of Congress